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Introduction

Protein G, purified from the cell wall of Group G Streptococci, is a 30,000-35,000 Dalton protein which binds to the Fc region of antibodies¹ . This characteristic is utilized for the purification of antibodies³ . Chromatography media or membrane containing covalently bound Protein G captures antibodies from solution while other components pass through the column or membrane. The bound antibodies are then eluted by decreasing the pH. Antibodies purified in this manner, and intended for pharmaceutical use, must be tested for Protein G that may have leached from these media.

This application note provides preliminary performance of a Protein G contaminant assay using a commercially available antibody. Chicken anti-Protein G antibody was chosen because Protein G binds very weakly or not at all^2,3 to its Fc region. This note is intended as a guide and does not represent a validation of this assay, nor necessarily the optimal performance parameters.

The recombinant form of Protein G, which does not include the binding site for albumin, was used as the standard for the following data unless otherwise noted. All samples, standards, and labeled antibodies were diluted in ILA Assay Buffer.

Materials

1. Threshold^® System from Molecular Devices Corporation (catalog #0200-0500), 1311 Orleans Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, tel: 408-747-1700 or 800-635-5577.
2. Immuno-Ligand Assay Labeling Kit from Molecular Devices Corporation (catalog #R9002).
3. Immuno-Ligand Assay Detection Kit from Molecular Devices Corporation (catalog #R9003).
4. Recombinant Protein G and Purified Protein G were purchased from CalBiochem (catalog #539303, and catalog #539302, respectively), San Diego, CA, tel: 800-854-3417 or 619-450-9600.
5. Polyclonal chicken anti-Protein G antibody (raised against recombinant Protein G and immunoaffinity purified) was purchased from OEM Concepts, Toms River, New Jersey, tel: 908-341-3570.
6. Sephadex^® G-25 columns were purchased from Pharmacia Biotech (PD-10, catalog #17-0851-01).
7. Sample antibodies (HuIgG, MuIgG ₁ , MuIgG _2a , MuIgG _2b , and Rat IgG _2b ) were kindly provided by customers of Molecular Devices Corporation.

Methods

Labeling of antibodies

The chicken anti-Protein G antibody was labeled as described in the ILA section of the Threshold System Operator's Manual, and in the ILA application note Optimizing the labeling of proteins. The chicken anti-Protein G antibody was dialyzed overnight at 4°C against PBS to remove sodium azide prior to labeling. Aliquots of the antibody were incubated with either biotin DNP-NHS or fluorescein-NHS at a 20:1 molar coupling ratio (MCR) for 2 hours at room temperature, in the dark. The MCR is defined as the moles of biotin label or fluorescein label (hapten) per mole of protein used in the labeling reaction.

The unreacted label was separated from the antibody by passing the reaction solution over a Pharmacia PD-10 column which had been equilibrated with 25 mL of PBS. The protein concentration and molar incorporation ratio (MIR) were calculated as described in the ILA section of the Threshold System Operator's Manual. The MIR is defined as the average number of moles of label covalently bound per mole of protein. The labeled antibodies were diluted to 10 μg/mL in ILA Assay Buffer and 250 μL aliquots were stored at -20°C. Antibodies labeled at 1.3 mg/mL had MIR's of 5.4 for biotinylated chicken anti-Protein G and 5.2 for fluoresceinated chicken anti-Protein G. Some variation in the background rates (μV/sec) has been observed for different labelings with the chicken anti-Protein G antibody; however, sensitivity and dynamic range remained consistent.

Determining the optimal concentrations of antibodies per test (loading study)

Four concentrations of each labeled antibody (12.5, 25, 50, 100 ng/test) were tested with 3 analyte concentrations (0, 100 pg/mL, and 1000 pg/mL) to evaluate background rates and slope (the assay protocol is detailed in the following pages). Equal amounts of biotinylated and fluoresceinated antibody were used because the same polyclonal antibody was labeled, thus both labeled antibodies compete for the same binding sites on the analyte. Using equal amounts of each labeled antibody allows the greatest probability of binding the analyte with a biotinylated antibody and a fluoresceinated antibody. Fifty ng/test of each labeled antibody represented the best compromise between minimum background rate (0 pg/mL Protein G) and maximum slope in the presence of analyte (100 and 1000 pg/mL Protein G). This antibody combination was used for the remainder of the experiments described in this application note.

Assay protocol

Step 1 Prepare the Protein G standard curve in polypropylene tubes. Make dilutions of the Protein G standard in Assay Buffer. The standards range from 25 pg/mL to 5000 pg/mL.
Step 2 Dilute samples with Assay Buffer in polypropylene tubes.
Step 3 Prepare a mixture of the biotinylated and fluoresceinated antibodies, each at a concentration of 50 ng/test (500 ng/mL) in Assay Buffer in a single polypropylene tube.
Step 4 Dispense 100 μL of each Protein G standard and each sample into the appropriate tubes.
Step 5 Dispense 100 μL of the antibody combination prepared in Step 3 into the tubes using an Eppendorf Repeater Pipetter and a Combitip^®.
Step 6 Cover the tubes with Parafilm^®, shake the rack to mix, and incubate for 2 hours at room temperature.
Step 7 Reconstitute the Capture Reagent with 25 mL of Assay Buffer. Prepare a 1:10 dilution of the reconstituted Capture Reagent with Assay Buffer (1 volume Capture Reagent + 9 volumes Assay Buffer). When the incubation is complete, dispense 1 mL of the diluted Capture Reagent into each tube using an Eppendorf Repeater Pipetter and a Combitip.
Step 8 Transfer the reaction mixtures to the filtration units. The filter bases and filter blocks may be either new or re-used (see ILA Detection Kit package insert for cleaning instructions). Filter on low vacuum.
Step 9 During the filtering step, reconstitute the Enzyme Reagent with 4 mL of Assay Buffer per vial. Prepare a 1:10 dilution of the reconstituted Enzyme Reagent (1 volume of Enzyme Reagent + 9 volumes of Assay Buffer).
Step 10 When the wells of the filtration units are empty, dispense 2 mL of Wash Buffer into each well and filter on high vacuum. Turn off the vacuum.
Step 11 Dispense 1 mL of the diluted Enzyme Reagent into each well with an Eppendorf Repeater Pipetter and a Combitip and filter on low vacuum.
Step 12 When the wells of the filtration units are empty, dispense 2 mL of Wash Buffer into each well and filter on high vacuum.
Step 13 When the wells are empty, turn off the vacuum and read the sticks.

Assay characterization

Standard curve

The lowest calibrator of the standard curve was selected by calculating the concentration of recombinant Protein G that would produce a 30–50 μV/sec increase over the background rate. The calculation was made using the slopes observed in the loading study. The other calibrators were distributed evenly over the acceptable range of the assay, 25 pg/mL to 5000 pg/mL (Figure 1 shows a standard curve using Protein G concentrations of 5000, 2500, 1250, 625, 156, 50, 25 and 0 pg/mL). A quadratic equation best defined the standard curve.

Purified Protein G was also tested as a standard with these labeled antibodies. Using purified Protein G as a standard results in a 10-fold less sensitive assay as compared to recombinant Protein G (Figure 2). The chicken anti-Protein G antibody used in this assay was raised against the recombinant molecule (which lacks the albumin binding site). Recombinant Protein G was used for the remainder of the experiments in this application note.

Figure 1: Recombinant Protein G standard curve

Figure 2: Purified Protein G standard curve

Incubation time

A kinetic study was performed to determine optimum incubation time. Four levels of analyte (0 pg/mL, 200 pg/mL, 1000 pg/mL, 3500 pg/mL) were incubated with labeled antibody for 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours. The standard curve and * (0 pg/mL) and # (1250 pg/mL) samples for all sticks were incubated for 4 hours. The reaction had not reached equilibrium at 4 hours (Figure 3). A 2 hour incubation time was chosen for the experiments in the remainder of this application note for convenience and because sufficient dynamic range was obtained. If the incubation time selected differs from that used originally to characterize the standard curve, then the standard curve range may need to be redefined using the new incubation time.

Figure 3: Effects of incubation time on signal

Limit of detection

See the Threshold System Operator's Manual for information on evaluating the limit of detection. This specific assay allows detection of 25 pg/mL Protein G with a four standard deviation separation from the background.

Applications

Assay performance was examined in the presence of several species and subclasses of antibodies: MuIgG₁, MuIgG_2a, MuIgG_2b, HuIgG, and Rat IgG_2b. Spike recovery and limit of detection of recombinant Protein G was determined in the presence of these product antibodies.

Spike recovery in presence of product antibody

Recovery of a 1 ng/mL spike of recombinant Protein G was tested in the presence of a range of concentrations of different species and subclasses of antibodies. A buffer control was included in each experiment. Percent spike recovery was calculated as follows:

mean µV/sec spiked sample mean µV/sec non-spiked sample
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- × 100 = %SR
mean µV/sec spiked buffer mean µV/sec non-spiked buffer

Acceptable spike recovery was defined as 100% ± 20%. The concentration of each sample antibody that allowed full spike recovery in two independent experiments is listed in Table 1. Spike recovery may depend not only on species and subclass but may vary for different antibodies of the same species and subclass¹. Three different human IgGs of unknown subclass were tested, but gave unacceptable spike recoveries (only 7% at 10 μg antibody/mL).

Table 1: Spike recovery in the presence of product antibody.

Limit of detection in the presence of product antibody

The limit of detection in the presence of the antibodies tested above was determined in two independent experiments, using the antibody concentrations listed in Table 1. The detection limit is expressed as parts per million (ppm), mass of Protein G/mass of antibody (Table 2).

Table 2: Limit of detection in the presence of product antibody. *Results from a single experiment

Summary

The data in this application note were generated using a 2 hour incubation time and 50 ng/test of each labeled antibody. These conditions yield a sensitive (1 to 10 ppm), quantitative assay with a wide dynamic range for measuring contaminant Protein G. The assay conditions can be modified to meet various assay requirements. For example, greater sensitivity may be achieved using a longer incubation, or a rapid (but less sensitive) assay may be developed using a shorter incubation time. The limit of detection levels determined for the various product antibodies tested may not be representative of all antibodies. Validation of assay performance, particularly the limit of detection, should be determined for each product antibody tested.

References

1. Bjorck, L. and Kronvall, G. Purification and some properties of Streptococcus Protein G, a novel IgG-binding reagent. J. Immunol. 133 (2):969-973 (1984).
2. Fahnestock, Steven R. Cloned streptococcal Protein G genes. Trends in Biotechnology 5(3):79-83 (1987).
3. Harlow E. and Lane D. Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, pg. 615-622 (1988).

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